Ferrous Metals and Alloys 210

Materials Training

Class Information

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Class Name:	Ferrous Metals and Alloys 210
Description:	This class identifies the major categories, properties, and uses of steels and their alloys.
Prerequisites:	500120 500150
Difficulty:	Intermediate
Number of Lessons:	16
Language:	English, Spanish

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Centerless Grinder Operator CNC Mill Operator In-Process Inspector

Class Outline
Objectives Ferrous Metals Today Steel vs. Cast Iron Types of Cast Iron Plain Carbon Steel Grades of Carbon Steel Alloy Steels Common Alloying Elements High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels Stainless Steels Types of Stainless Steels Tool Steels Types of Tool Steels Superalloys Selecting the Best Alloy Summary

Class Objectives

Identify the basic ingredients of steel.
Distinguish between steels and cast irons.
Identify the types of cast irons.
Describe plain carbon steel.
Identify uses for different grades of carbon steel.
Define alloy steel.
Identify common alloying elements.
Describe high-strength low-alloy steels.
Describe stainless steel.
Identify the types of stainless steels.
Define tool steel.
Distinguish between different types of tool steels.
Define superalloy.
Describe how to select the best alloy.

Class Vocabulary
air-hardening tool steel		A cold-work tool steel that is inexpensive and is often used to make punches and molds.
alloy steel		A steel that contains an additional alloying element.
annealing		The steady heating of a metal at a certain temperature followed by a gradual cooling process.
austenitic stainless steel		A type of stainless steel with an FCC crystal structure that is relatively expensive but the most effective at resisting corrosion.
carbide		A compound developed by the combination of carbon with usually chromium, tungsten, or titanium that is used in metal cutting tools for its hardness and wear resistance.
cast		To pour a liquid material into a mold so that it further cools and solidifies into shape.
cast iron		A metal consisting of iron, over 2.11% carbon, and 1 to 3% silicon. Cast irons normally contain trace amounts of other elements.
chromium		A shiny, hard, steel-gray metal used in ferrous alloys to add hardness and wear resistance to steel. Stainless steels contain large amounts of chromium.
chromium oxide		A protective film that develops on the surface of stainless steel and helps prevent corrosion.
cold working		The shaping of metal at temperatures much lower than the metal's molten state. Steel is often cold worked at room temperature.
cold-work tool steel		A group of tool steels primarily used in dies that form metal at non-elevated temperatures.
compressive strength		The ability of a material to resist forces that attempt to squeeze or compress the material together.
creep strength		The ability of a metal to withstand a constant weight or force at elevated temperatures.
crystal structure		The regular, repeating pattern of atoms in a metal. Crystal structures develop as a metal cools and solidifies.
die		A device used to mechanically shape or form sheet metal.
ductile cast iron		A type of cast iron with a similar composition to gray cast iron, but with improved ductility. Ductile cast iron contains tiny spheres of graphite.
ductility		The ability of a metal to be drawn, stretched, or formed without breaking.
ferritic stainless steel		A type of stainless steel with a BCC crystal structure that is magnetic and relatively inexpensive.
ferrous metal		A metal that contains iron.
free machining steel		A grade of steel that has been manufactured with a composition and heat treatment intended to improve the machinability of the metal.
graphite		A soft, black form of carbon. Excess carbon appears as flakes in cast irons and helps to dampen vibrations and improve machinability.
gray cast iron		A type of cast iron with high levels of carbon and excellent compression strength. Gray cast iron is the most common cast iron.
heat treatment		The heating and cooling processes used to change the structure of a material and alter its mechanical properties.
high-carbon high-chromium tool steel		A cold-work tool steel with substantial amounts of chromium and carbon. High-chromium high-carbon tool steels offer good dimensional accuracy, wear resistance, and machinability.
high-carbon steel		Carbon steels that contain more than 0.5% carbon.
high-speed tool steel		A group of tool steels used to machine metals at high cutting speeds. High-speed tool steel stays hard at high temperatures and resists abrasion.
high-strength low-alloy steel		A type of steel that contains low levels of carbon and alloying elements that exhibits good strength and is relatively inexpensive. These steels are typically used in large structures.
hot working		The shaping of metal at temperatures close to the metal's molten state. Steel is typically hot worked at temperatures approximately 1300°F.
hot-work tool steel		A tool steel used to make tools that form metals at high temperatures.
low-carbon steel		Carbon steels that contain less than 0.3% carbon.
malleable cast iron		A type of cast iron with a similar composition to white cast iron, but with improved malleability. Malleable cast iron is annealed.
manganese		A hard, brittle, gray-white metal used in ferrous alloys to add strength and hardness to steel and other metals.
martensitic stainless steel		A type of stainless steel with a distorted BCC crystal structure that is relatively strong but less effective at resisting corrosion.
medium-carbon steel		Carbon steels that contain between 0.3 and 0.5% carbon.
mold steel		A low-carbon tool steel used to make plastic molds.
molybdenum		A hard, silvery-white metal used in ferrous alloys to add toughness, creep strength, and wear resistance to steel. Molybdenum is a key element in many high-speed tool steels.
nickel		A hard, malleable, silvery white metal used in ferrous alloys to add strength, toughness, and impact resistance to steel.
nonferrous		Not containing or composed of iron.
oil-hardening tool steel		A cold-work tool steel that effectively holds its dimensions and is used to make structural parts, jigs, and bushings.
plain carbon steel		The basic type of steel, which contains less than 3% of elements other than iron and carbon.
punch		A metal component that is used to shear and separate metal through a hole or form metal. Punches are used in the stamping industry to cut and form sheet metal.
resulfurized and rephosphorized steel		A plain carbon steel that contains added sulfur and phosphorus for improved machinability.
resulfurized steel		A plain carbon steel that contains added sulfur for improved machinability.
shock-resisting tool steel		A low-carbon tool steel that is designed with excellent toughness and is used to make pneumatic chisels and heavy-duty punches.
special-purpose tool steel		A low-alloy tool steel that offers intermediate hardening depth and a variety of specific properties.
stainless steel		A type of steel that contains more than 15% chromium and exhibits excellent corrosion resistance.
steel		A metal consisting of iron and up to approximately 1.5% carbon, usually with small amounts of manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon as well.
superalloy		An alloy consisting of three or more elements that is very expensive and designed to perform at elevated temperatures.
tool steel		A specialized type of alloy steel that exhibits excellent strength, toughness, and wear resistance. Tool steels are used in cutting tools, punches, and other industrial tooling.
vanadium		A metal added to ferrous alloys to facilitate the development of carbides. Pure vanadium is a grayish silvery metal and is soft and ductile.
water-hardening tool steel		An inexpensive low-alloy tool steel that offers various degrees of hardness and wear resistance.
weldability		The ability of a metal to facilitate the welding process and create an effective joint.
white cast iron		A type of cast iron with lower levels of carbon and improved tensile strength.
yield strength		The maximum force that a material can withstand before it begins to deform.